Gravity (Part B): The Unification of Forces - How "Swarm Gravity" Explains Electricity and Eliminates Dark Matter

A detailed proof that the "Electric Force" and the "missing mass" of Dark Matter are the same phenomenon—the collective gravity of misunderstood particle "swarms" organized into nested orbital rings

Nov 06, 2025

The Standard Model of physics is built upon a foundation of deep and persistent mysteries. At the largest scales, astronomers observe that galaxies rotate with such speed that they should fly apart, leading to the invention of “Dark Matter” as a gravitational glue. At the smallest scales, physicists observe that the “Electric Force” binding an atom is ~10³⁹ times stronger than gravity, a discrepancy known as the “hierarchy problem.

This article will demonstrate that these are not separate problems. They are the exact same problem, observed at different scales. Both “Dark Matter” and the immense strength of the “Electric Force” are illusions created by the same, single, profound, and persistent mathematical error that has been made at both the cosmic and the atomic scales. By correcting this error, a simpler universe is revealed, where the forces are unified and mysterious matter is unnecessary.

The Great Miscalculation: The Flaw of the “Central Mass” Model

The entire crisis stems from an oversimplification in the application of Newton’s Law of Gravity (F = G x M₁ x M₂ / r²). Physicists have consistently made a critical error: when calculating the gravitational force on an orbiting body, they have used only the mass of the single, central object as the primary mass term (M₁). This is a correct approximation for a simple solar system, but it is a catastrophically wrong approximation for a complex, multi-component system like a galaxy or an atom.

The Solution: A New Model of Matter - “Swarm Gravity”

Expansion Theory’s fractal model (Atom = Galaxy, Electron = Solar System) reveals the truth. An orbiting body is not just interacting with the central nucleus. It is interacting with the total, collective gravitational influence of the entire inner system.

At the Cosmic Scale: When calculating the force on our Sun, as it orbits the galaxy, astronomers used only the mass of the central supermassive object, Sagittarius A*. This calculation predicted a force that was thousands of times too weak to explain the Sun’s high orbital speed. To solve this, they invented “Dark Matter” as a hypothetical halo of “missing mass” to make the equation balance.

A New Model of the Galaxy: A galaxy is not a central nucleus orbited by individual stars. It is a nucleus orbited by a series of “Nested Orbital Rings,” each of which is a vast “swarm” containing billions of solar systems. An outer star is not orbiting the distant nucleus; it is orbiting the immense, collective mass of all the inner rings of stars.

At the Atomic Scale: When calculating the gravitational force between a proton and an electron, physicists use only the mass of the proton. This results in a force that is ~10³⁹ times weaker than the observed “Electric Force,” leading them to believe that electromagnetism is a separate, fundamentally different force of nature.

A New Model of the Atom: By fractal analogy, an atom is the same as a galaxy. It is a nucleus orbited by a series of “Nested Orbital Rings” (the “electron shells” of chemistry), each of which is a “swarm” containing billions of electrons.

This is the “Swarm Gravity” model. It is not a new force; it is the correct application of the old one. In both cases, the logic is the same: the theory failed to match observation, so a new, mysterious entity or force was invented to patch the hole.

The Proof: Unification Through Correct Calculation

When this fundamental accounting error is corrected, the paradoxes vanish.

Eliminating Dark Matter:

The Problem: The observed orbital force required to keep our Sun in its galactic orbit can be calculated from its motion, using the centripetal force equation (F = mv²/r). The result is ~4.28 x 10²⁰ Newtons, which is vastly stronger than the gravitational force calculated using only the mass of the central nucleus, Sagittarius A*.
The Solution: When we recalculate the gravitational force using the correct M₁ in Newton’s Law of Gravity (F = G x m₁ x m₂ / r²)—the total estimated mass of the inner “swarm” of stars within the Sun’s orbit (~10¹¹ Solar Masses)—the result is ~4.36 x 10²⁰ N.
The Result: The numbers match perfectly. The “missing mass” of Dark Matter was never missing. It was the visible mass of the inner galactic rings that had been incorrectly ignored.

Unifying Gravity and the Electric Force:

The Problem: The force binding the electron in a hydrogen atom is known from its orbital mechanics and charges, and is measured by Coulomb’s Law (F = k x q₁ x q₂ / r²) where F ≈ 8.24 x 10⁻⁸ N.
- The “Electric Force” holding a hydrogen atom together is ~10³⁹ times stronger than the gravitational force between a single proton and a single electron.
The Solution: We can now use this known force to reverse-engineer the “swarm mass” of the first electron shell. The calculation shows that to produce this force via gravity, the shell must contain the collective mass of approximately 2.26 x 10⁹ electrons.
- This ~10³⁹ factor is not a mysterious amplification. It is the ratio of the total mass of the innermost electron swarm to the mass of a single electron. The “Electric Force” is simply Newtonian Gravity, correctly applied to the collective mass of this swarm.
The Result: Coulomb’s Law, with its abstract “charge,” and powerful constant k, is revealed to be an empirical formula that successfully modelled the gravitational effect of this swarm, without ever knowing it was there.

Conclusion: One Force, One Geometry

The implications are profound. The hierarchy problem is solved. Dark Matter is eliminated. The Electric Force and Gravity are unified. There is only one fundamental “Inner Gravity.” Its apparent manifestations, as the “weak” force of gravity and the “strong” force of electricity, are not a feature of the universe, but an artifact of our previous failure to account for the true, collective, swarm-like nature of matter at all scales.

List of articles proving New Age Physics

Proof of Expansion Theory as a Theory of Everything – Must-Read Breaking News
The Architecture of Reality: The Foundational Principles of a New Physics
Gravity (Part A): The Two Fundamental Gravities – Inner Gravity from the Expansion of Matter and Structural Gravity from the Expansion of the Universe
Gravity (Part B): The Unification of Forces - How “Swarm Gravity” Explains Electricity and Eliminates Dark Matter
The Fractal Universe (Part A): Proof of the Power Law of Cosmic Scaling
The Fractal Universe (Part B): The Birth of Astrochemistry – The Milky Way and Andromeda form Hydrogen Sulphide
The Fractal Universe (Part C): The Architecture of Atoms and Galaxies
The Laws of Motion (Part A): The Five Principles - A New Model of Orbital Mechanics
The Laws of Motion (Part B): Structural Gravity - A New Law (a=v*H₀) Solves the Pioneer & Flyby Anomalies
The Laws of Motion (Part C): New Explanation for the Slingshot Effect and Gravitational Lensing, and a Faster Path to Mars
The Laws of Motion (Part D): Secular Growth - A Unified Theory for an Expanding Earth, Continental Drift, a Receding Moon, an Increasing AU, and a Fainter Sun
Time and Light (Part A): Time is Constant – Proof that Einstein’s “Time Dilation” and the GPS Anomaly is a Mechanical Stress Effect
Time and Light (Part B): The Speed of Light is Variable (Explaining “Dark Energy”)
Quantum Mechanics Demystified (Part A): The Atom is a Tiny Galaxy, A Mechanical Physical Model Explaining Magnetism and “Spin”
Quantum Mechanics Demystified (Part B): The Electron as a Tiny Solar System Explains the g-2 Anomaly and Quantum Tunnelling
Quantum Mechanics Demystified (Part C): Double-Slit, Uncertainty, Entanglement - Quantum “Weirdness” is an Illusion
Quantum Mechanics Demystified (Part D): The End of the Particle Zoo - A Mechanical Explanation for the Weak Force, Antimatter, and Particle Physics